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Theories as to why members of the US government would have allowed the attacks to occur, perpetrated the attacks, and/or obstructed the investigation generally involve one or more of the following:
* Michel Chossudovsky in an article entitled "The Criminalization of the State" suggests a simple motive in a plan for a New World Order. This particular theory takes root in a David Rockefeller Statement to the United Nations Business Council in September 1994: We are on the verge of a global transformation. All we need is the right major crisis and the nations will accept the New World Order.
* An article on whatreallyhappened.com entitled "The 9/11 Reichstag Fire" suggests that the Project for the New American Century (PNAC) a neoconservative think tank may have been responsible.The organization has drawn much attention from conspiracy theorists because Vice President Cheney and many current and former top Bush foreign policy officials were members. It cites as evidence a statement from page 51 of a document titled 'Rebuilding America's Defenses: Strategy, Forces and Resources For a New Century' published by PNAC: �Further, the process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event - like a new Pearl Harbor.�
* The Web site OilEmpire.us proposed that 9/11 was allowed to happen and given technical assistance by a faction of the U.S. government in order to benefit the arms manufacturing and oil industries.
* The Web site 911Review.com listed several other benefits of the attacks as possible motives, including Mayor Rudolph Giuliani and President Bush's surge in popularity, Halliburton's defense contracts for the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
* The family owned company of Larry Silverstein won a 99 year lease of the World Trade Center weeks before the tower's destruction, and sought a double $3.5 billion insurance payout, as there were two planes involved.
U.S. military strategy
Many point to the writings of neoconservative strategists to suggest that 9/11 was, at best, on their 'wish list' and, at worst, on their list of 'things to do'. The standard reference for this allegation is the September 2000 report Rebuilding America's Defenses, published by the Project for the New American Century. The document criticizes the Clinton administration's trend of military downsizing and outlines a plan for modernizing the military. The report's conclusion says "the process of transformation, even if it brings revolutionary change, is likely to be a long one, absent some catastrophic and catalyzing event - like a new Pearl Harbor." Some conspiracy theorists, such as the producers of Loose Change, suggest that the 9/11 attacks were arranged to spur this transformation. Some say that the George W. Bush administration began preparing for war on Iraq months before 9/11. In particular, a government employee by the name of O'Neill reported the president's having said, in effect, "Go find me a way to do this" (invade Iraq). David Ray Griffin and others presented an argument that draws a parallel to an interpretation of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, according to which Roosevelt both provoked the attack and allowed it to happen in order to bring America into the second world war.
Operation Northwoods
Main article: Operation Northwoods
To establish that elements within the United States government (which some allege to have carried out the September 11, 2001 attacks) would stage an incident to generate support for an armed conflict (which some conspiracy theorists say was the purpose behind the attacks) conspiracy theorists often point to Operation Northwoods. U.S. Department of Defense leaders in 1962 during the Kennedy administration proposed this plan, in order to generate U.S. public support for military action against the Cuban government of Fidel Castro. The plan suggested various false flag actions, including simulated or real state sponsored acts of terrorism on U.S. and Cuban soil. This included a plan to fill a plane with CIA agents posing as college students flying over Cuba enroute to a vacation destination. The plane was to be replaced, midflight, with a drone filled with explosives which was to be flown over Cuban airspace and exploded with the pretense that the plane full of college students had been shot down by the Castro regime. The plans had the written approval of all of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and were presented to President Kennedy's defense secretary, Robert McNamara, in March 1962. The Kennedy administration rejected the plan.
Claims related to Jews and Israel
Some conspiracy theories hold that Israel played a role in carrying out the September 11 attacks. Others go further to suggest that 9/11 was part of an international Jewish conspiracy. According to the Anti-Defamation League, "anti-Semitic conspiracy theories have not been accepted in mainstream circles in the U.S.," but "this is not the case in the Arab and Muslim world." The Anti-Defamation League has published a paper, Unraveling Anti-Semitic 9/11 Conspiracy Theories, identifying the claims made and responding to them. Several websites of the 9/11 truth movement have also worked to debunk such claims and expose websites and individuals engaging in Anti-Semitism and Holocaust denial.
Allegation that Jewish employees skipped work on September 11
A claim that 4,000 Jewish employees skipped work at the WTC on September 11 has been widely reported and widely debunked. This claim originates with Al Manar television. The number of Jews who died in the attacks--typically estimated at around 400--tracks closely with the percentage of Jews living in the New York area. Five Israeli citizens died in the attack.
Employees of Odigo received warning of an attack
Two hours before the attacks two employees of Odigo Inc. an Israeli company in Tel Aviv, and one of the world�s largest instant messaging services, received a warning of an attack and this is used by some as indicating Israeli involvement. Unlike ICQ Odigo users are not limited to sending messages only to people on their "buddy" list and the two employees did not know who sent the message. The workers notified Odigo who notified Israeli security who then notified the FBI of the message when the attacks began. Immediately after the attacks, Odigo traced the Internet address of the sender and gave it to the FBI. The warnings did not specifically mention the WTC attacks but said that "something big" was going to happen in a certain amount of time and ended with an anti-Semitic slur.
Ariel Sharon cancelled a planned trip to New York
Ariel Sharon, in 2001 Prime Minister of Israel is said to have cancelled a planned trip to New York around the time of the attacks. Some have interpreted this as evidence he was warned to stay away. In fact, the event that Sharon had been scheduled to appear at was actually a meeting of the United Nations General Assembly originally scheduled for September 23 to October 5 but postponed to November 10-16, while the rally scheduled for September 23, 2001 and canceled on September 12, 2001 was likely intended to coincide with the meeting of the General Assembly.
Israelis filmed the smoking skyline
On September 17, 2001,the Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz' reported that four hours after the attack, the FBI arrested five Israelis who had been filming the smoking skyline from the roof of a white van in the parking lot of an apartment building for "puzzling behavior." The Israelis were said to have been videotaping the disaster with cries of joy and mockery. Police found the van and a search revealed $4,700 in cash hidden, along with foreign passports and a boxcutter which aroused suspicions and led to the detention of the occupants.When bomb sniffing dogs checked the van they reacted as if they had smelled explosives.
The five men worked at the company Urban Moving Systems, owned and operated by Dominick Suter. After the men were arrested the FBI searched the Urban Moving offices and questioned Suter, however when they returned to interview him again they found he had abandoned the business and fled to Israel.The FBI subsequently placed him on the same suspect list as Mohammed Atta. The men were held in detention for more than 2 months, during which time they were subjected to interrogation and lie detector tests. One of the men (Paul Kurzberg) refused to take the test for 10 weeks, and then failed it.
On June 21, 2002, ABC reported that a New York newspaper said the FBI concluded that the van's driver, Sivan Kurzberg and his brother Paul were Mossad operatives. The FBI has not reached a consensus on whether the other three men (Yaron Schmuel, Oded Ellner, and Omer Marmari) were Israeli intelligence operatives but concluded they had no advance knowledge of the September 11 attacks. When asked why they were smiling with the burning towers in the background both the lawyers for the men and the Israeli Embassy attributed it to immature conduct. According to a former CIA chief, there was speculation that Urban Moving (the men's employer) may have been an intelligence operation and was aimed, not against the United States, but targeting fund-raising networks channeling money to Hamas and Islamic Jihad.The five were released and deported to Israel on November 20-21, 2001,saying later in a newspaper interview that their arrest was done following a false accusation due to a personal conflict with a neighbour.
Carl Cameron's Fox News report ran a story on the five men, in which a US intelligence official stated that "Evidence linking these Israelis to 9/11 is classified. I cannot tell you about evidence that has been gathered. It's classified information."
Mossad allegedly warned FBI and CIA of imminent attack
According to The Daily Telegraph (September 16, 2001), Israel had sent two Mossad agents to Washington in August to warn both the FBI and CIA of an imminent large-scale attack involving a cell of up to 200 terrorists. The Telegraph quoted an unnamed senior Israeli security official as saying "They had no specific information about what was being planned but linked the plot to Osama bin Laden and told the Americans that there were strong grounds for suspecting Iraqi involvement."
Israelis detained after the September 11 attacks
On December 12, 2001, Fox News reported that some 60 Israelis were among the hundreds of foreigners detained since the September 11 attacks. Federal investigators were reported to have described them as part of a long-running effort to spy on American government officials. A "handful" of these Israelis were described as active Israeli military or intelligence operatives. Federal investigators said that some of them failed polygraph questions inquiring about alleged surveillance activities in the United States. Investigators suspected that they may have gathered intelligence about the attacks in advance and not shared it, shadowing the hijackers in Florida and in California. As many as 140 other Israelis were reported to have been detained or arrested as part of an investigation into espionage by Israelis in the United States. Investigators were also reported to have been focusing part of their efforts on Israelis who said they were art students from the University of Jerusalem or Bezalel Academy, and repeatedly made contact with U.S. government personnel by saying they wanted to sell cheap art or handiwork. Indeed, in March, 2001, the US Office of the National Counterintelligence Executive had actually issued a warning about people identifying themselves as "Israeli art students" attempting to bypass security and gain entry to federal buildings, and even to the private residences of senior federal officials.Subsequently, the Telegraph newspaper (UK), the online magazine Salon, and the Sunday Herald (UK), among other sources, ran similar stories, elaborating in greater detail. In December 2001, a 60 page internal memo on the Israeli �art student spy ring� prepared by the Drug Enforcement Agency was leaked to the media. Although warning military bases to be on the alert for �possible intelligence collection being conducted by Israeli art students� the memo was primarily concerned with the students efforts to foil investigations into Israeli organized crime activity involving the importation of the drug Ecstasy rather than with any connection to 9/11.
Claims relating to Saddam Hussein
Further information: Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda, Saddam Hussein and al-Qaeda timeline, and 9/11 opinion polls
On September 18, 2003, President George W. Bush said "We have no evidence that Saddam Hussein was involved with the September 11" attacks despite a poll released at that time that found that nearly 70% of respondents believed the late Iraqi leader probably was personally involved. He also said that "There's no question that Saddam Hussein had Al Qaeda ties." The 9/11 Commission Report stated that there is "no credible evidence" that Saddam Hussein's government in Iraq collaborated with the al Qaeda terrorist network on any attacks on the United States.
On June 29, 2005 Robin Hayes a Republican Congressman from North Carolina and vice chairman of the House Subcommittee on Terrorism at that time stated "evidence is clear" that "Saddam Hussein and people like him were very much involved in 9/11". Senator John McCain reacting to the Congressman's statement said "I haven't seen compelling evidence of that"
NewsMax.com reported that people within and outside the U.S. government believed that then Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein conspired in the 9/11 attacks and the Oklahoma City Bombing. The theory extended from the one advanced by investigative journalist Jayna Davis in her book The Third Terrorist linking Hussein to the Oklahoma City Bombing. It was discussed in an op-ed piece in the Wall Street Journal.
In a Newsweek Magazine poll released on June 23, 2007, 41% of American respondents agreed with the statement that "Saddam Hussein�s regime in Iraq was directly involved in planning, financing, or carrying out the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001" while 50% of respondents disagreed with this statement and 9% of respondents did not know. The percentage of respondents agreeing with this statement was up 5% from 2004. A New York Times/CBS News poll released on the sixth anniversary of the attacks found that 33% of American respondents in general 40% of Republican respondents and 27% of Democratic respondents believe Saddam Hussein was "personally involved" in the attacks. Several analysts said that in part the results of the poll reflect what many people want to believe.
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A variety of conspiracy theories have emerged which contradict the mainstream account of the September 11, 2001 attacks. The most visible group of conspiracy theorists is the 9/11 truth movement, whose claims typically include suggestions that individuals in the government of the United States knew of the impending attacks and refused to act on that knowledge, or that the attacks were a false flag operation carried out with the intention of stirring up the passions and winning the allegiance of the American people in order to facilitate military spending, the restriction of civil liberties, and a program of aggressive and profitable foreign policy.
Most members of the 9/11 truth movement claim that the collapse of the World Trade Center was the result of a controlled demolition and that United Airlines Flight 93 was shot down. While some also contend that a commercial airliner did not crash into the Pentagon, this position is debated within the 9/11 Truth Movement, with many who believe that AA Flight 77 did crash there, but that it was allowed to crash via an effective stand down of the military.
1. Claims that US defenses were deliberately disabled
2. Claims that Al-Qaeda investigations were blocked and warnings ignored
3. Insider trading (The Times reported on September 18 that investigations were under way into the unusually large numbers of shares in insurance companies and airlines sold off before the attack, in the UK, Italy, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, France and the US.
4.Twin Towers collapse as a controlled demolition
5. Building Seven collapse as a conventional controlled demolition. (The BBC World News also aired a live coverage of the World Trade Center buildings as they were falling down. Their coverage was accurate right until Building Seven was about to come down. The reporter on the scene, Jane Standley, incorrectly reported that Building Seven had collapsed even though this building was still standing right behind her [79]. About five minutes before the actual collapse of Building 7, the video feed of Ms. Standley is cut off).
6.Pentagon not hit by a Boeing 757 (Claims that the Pentagon was hit by something significantly smaller than a Boeing 757 (typically a missile or smaller aircraft) have been raised by some conspiracy theorists based on photographs in which there appears to be a lack of expected debris or pieces of a commercial aircraft within the immediate impact area, and what some believe is a lack of damage to the building and the lawn).
7. Claims relating to the World Trade Center plane impacts (Some conspiracy theorists have made claims relating to the nature of the planes that were seen hitting the World Trade Center Towers. These claims range from a modification of the Boeing planes (in the form of a 'pod' on the underside), to claims that different planes were involved or that nothing hit the Towers at all ('No Boeing Theories' or 'No Plane Theories) and (Many of the same conspiracy theorists supporting the pod claim have often alleged a flash as the plane hit the tower as proof that there was a missile launched from the underside of the plane. 911 In Plane Site says that the flash could not be a reflection, as it was caught on camera from four different angles, and it is their theory that an object cannot reflect light in more than one direction).
8. United Airlines Flight 93 (Some conspiracy theorists believe there is a cover up of evidence as the Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice Recorder from Flight 93 have not been released to the general public).
9. Claims that Flight 93 was shot down (Some conspiracy theorists who question the common account of United Airlines Flight 93 crashing as a result of an attempted cockpit invasion, have speculated that it was shot down by US fighter jets) and ( A conspiracy theorist,Thompson examined a number of mainstream media reports and says that fighter jets were actually much closer to Flight 93 at the time of the crash than stated in the official record. He mentions witnesses who noticed a small white jet near the impact site soon after the crash. However, some say this was likely a business jet the ATC asked to investigate the crash area and that descended to an altitude of around 1500 ft to survey the impact).
10. Claims that Flight 93 never crashed (Some conspiracy theorists speculate that Flight 93 landed safely in Ohio. The website Physics911 says that the plane that crashed in Pennsylvania was actually not United 93 and that the flights involved in the 9/11 attacks were landed and substituted with other aircraft).
11. The President's behavior (President Bush was promoting the passage of his education plan at Emma E. Booker Elementary School on the morning of September 11. He was apparently already aware of the first plane impact before he entered the classroom for a reading of The Pet Goat with the children. At 9:05am, Andrew Card whispered in his ear that the second Tower had been hit and that America was under attack. That the president chose to stay in the classroom, without asking for additional information from his staff, and that those staff did not volunteer any additional information or take him to a place of safety, has led to allegations that he knew that the attack was taking place, knew he was safe and knew the situation was being handled) and (President Bush also made statements on two separate occasions, in late 2001 and early 2002, in which he said he saw the first plane hit the World Trade Center and that he assumed it was an accident. He could not have seen the first plane hit the tower live on commercial television, since no television stations were broadcasting footage from the area when the first plane hit. The only known footage of the first plane crashing was captured by filmmaker Jules Naudet while making a documentary about a new firefighter. The video was first broadcast on CNN later in the day and was later released as the documentary film "9/11". The White House explained his remarks as "a mistaken recollection" and some critics insist that President Bush was referring to the aftermath and not the actual jetliner impact at 8:46 a.m.)
12. Allegations of cover-up (The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) or flight data recorder (FDR) were not recovered from the remains of the WTC attack.
Two men who worked extensively in the wreckage of the World Trade Center say they helped federal agents find three of the four "black boxes" from the jetliners; this is cited to support the claim there was a government cover-up at Ground Zero)
13. Links between the Bush Family and the Bin Laden Family (The day before the 9/11 attacks, President Bush's father former President George H.W. Bush and several members of his cabinet had been present at a Carlyle Group business conference with Shafig bin Laden, a half-brother of Osama bin Laden, at the Ritz-Carlton hotel located several miles from the Pentagon. The conference was continuing with the remaining cabinet members and Bin Laden's brother at the time of the Pentagon attack.George H.W. Bush remained an advisor to the Carlyle Group for two years after the attacks.
The Saudi Binladin Group's corporate website, expired on September 11, 2001, the same day as the attacks in the United States.
The New York Times reported that members of the bin Laden family were driven or flown under Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) supervision to a secret assembly point in Texas and then to Washington from where they left the country on a private charter plane when airports reopened three days after the attacks. The official 9/11 commission later concluded that "the FBI conducted a satisfactory screening of Saudi nationals who left the United States on charter flights" and that the exodus was approved by special advisor Richard Clarke after a request by Saudi Arabia who feared for the safety of their nationals.Former Congresswoman Cynthia McKinney is among those who have questioned whether the Bush Administration may have worked with Al Qaeda to carry out the attacks.)
14. Claims relating to the hijackings
Some of the events that took place on the planes prior to their impacts have been disputed. The maneuver carried out by Flight 77 as it approached the Pentagon has been identified as one that would have required either a very experienced pilot or a computer-controlled set flight path. The 9/11 Commission Report notes that the reported pilot of Flight 77, Hani Hanjour, was described as a "terrible pilot" by one of his instructors
15. Claims that the planes were flown into their targets by computer
Jim Hoffman and the Scholars for 9/11 Truth and Justice are among those who have said the Flight Management Computer Systems on board Flights 11, 175 and 77 could have been loaded with a preset route that guided the planes to their targets.[170] Boeing has confirmed that this would have been technically possible.Hoffman claims that this is a more likely scenario than the mainstream account of the hijackings of Flights 11, 175 and 77, and also how Flight 77 performed the unusual maneuver it made on its approach to the Pentagon. He notes Flight 93 appears to be an exception, citing the high distribution of phone calls from Flight 93 compared to the other three flights. Some theories go suggest that, rather than having preset routes entered into the planes on-board computers, the planes were modified to be flown by remote control. The controllers of the planes may have been on the ground or, as in the "doomsday plane" theory, in another aircraft. This theory argues that a blurry white object seen in the sky in videos of the World Trade Center, was a plane containing the remote controller of Flights 11 and 175, and that an aircraft that flew away from the Pentagon after that impact contained the remote controller of Flight 77. The aircraft at the Pentagon was later identified as a E-4B National Airborne Operations Center (NAOC) plane (the plane which was spotted cicleing white house when world trade centre was hit), a militarised version of a Boeing 747-200, taking part in the Global Guardian exercise.
16. Claims that the hijackers were not on the planes (Some conspiracy theorists go further to suggest that the hijackers were not on the planes at all. This claim was fueled by erroneous initial news reports shortly after 9/11 that indicated that some of the hijackers were still alive. The BBC and the Daily Telegraph newspaper reported on September 23, 2001, that some of the people named by the FBI as hijackers were actually alive and well.One of them was Waleed al-Shehri, who they said they had found in Casablanca, Morocco. Abdulaziz Al Omari, Saeed Alghamdi, and Khalid al-Midhar, three other hijackers, were all said to be living in the Middle East. On September 19, the FDIC even distributed a "special alert" which listed al-Mihdhar as alive. The Justice Department says that this was a typographical error. Attention has also been given to news reports that indicated the hijackers were not typical Islamic suicide terrorists - for example Mohammad Atta reportedly ate pork, drank alcohol, gambled in casinos and went to strip clubs).
17. Claims that the cell phone calls were faked (If the hijackers were not on the planes, then necessarily the reported phone calls from the flights must have been somehow 'faked', perhaps using voice synthesizers. Though the technology to achieve this may have existed, this would have made the operation far more complicated, with little reward for the perpetrators.During the flight of Flight 93, 13 passengers made a total of over 30 calls to both family and emergency personnel (and all but two of these were on air phones). There were far fewer phone calls from Flights 11, 175 and 77, leading to some claims that these calls may have been faked even if the Flight 93 calls were real. Reportedly, the only two calls from these flights that were recorded were placed by flight attendants Madeleine Sweeney and Betty Ong on Flight 11).
The Motives behind allowing the attack to occur will follow in the next reply.