Happy Birthday Quaid-e-Azam

Never a day that goes past, when we do not come across the saying and quotations from any of these, but we have turned all this into a big ceremony.
We have turned Jinnah into just a mere symbol. A place where he rests now needs no salutes, no visitor’s book, no swarming crowd to take pictures. It is his words; it is his life that needs to be lived in all of us.
We have betrayed him in last 61 years.
It is still time to appreciate and to revive that spirit in Pakistan and in all of us, and to forget these differences that we have created.
We must become more understanding and tolerant of each other and work together.
It is this challenge that is the need of the time and our responsibility.

Remember a young boy, seventeen years of age, arriving at Southampton.
Remember a person who learnt the ways of life in those dreary months of winter. Remember that person who once walked near river Thames, immersed in his own thoughts questioning himself what change means and how it will be brought.
Even Jinnah had no idea at that time but he learnt to reason well in a language that was once remote and alien, he learnt that understanding Law will take him far but he never imagined that one day he will fight for something and in a way no one had done it before.
One day he will fight for the hopes of millions, for cause greater than anything he had imagined, or any of us in years to come.

Never a day that goes past, when we do not come across the saying and quotations from any of these, but we have turned all this into a big ceremony.
We have turned Jinnah into just a mere symbol.
A place where he rests now needs no salutes, no visitor’s book, no swarming crowd to take pictures. It is his words; it is his life that needs to be lived in all of us.
We have betrayed him in last 61 years. It is still time to appreciate and to revive that spirit in Pakistan and in all of us, and to forget these differences that we have created.
We must become more understanding and tolerant of each other and work together.
It is this challenge that is the need of the time and our responsibility.

Remember a young boy, seventeen years of age, arriving at Southampton.
Remember a person who learnt the ways of life in those dreary months of winter. Remember that person who once walked near river Thames, immersed in his own thoughts questioning himself what change means and how it will be brought.
Even Jinnah had no idea at that time but he learnt to reason well in a language that was once remote and alien, he learnt that understanding Law will take him far but he never imagined that one day he will fight for something and in a way no one had done it before.
One day he will fight for the hopes of millions, for cause greater than anything he had imagined, or any of us in years to come.

Imagine how it feels to be part of that change and history and the destiny, to make a separate homeland for all of us, to carry those aspirations in years to come through thick and thin.
Little did he know that he will one day stand with Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, Mountbatten and the whole British Empire- all the opposing forces.
But he fought well with all his mind and his words and actions to turn this dream into reality- a reality which no one could ever understand and accept to this day.
It is upon us now as individuals and as a society and as leaders of this nation to understand the cause and all what it took.

It is this man Mohammed Ali Jinnah who became in the process our Quaid-e-Azam, our leader and founder of Pakistan. It is this man we owe our responsibility to as free citizens of Pakistan. It is this man Jinnah, his words and his vision we owe our alliances to. It is this man we owe our debt resulting from his endeavor to turn this dream of a separate homeland for millions of Muslims.
It is this man, Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Quaid-e-Azam, a man for all seasons we owe our lives to and to Pakistan.


"Few individuals significantly alter the course of history. Fewer still modify the map of the world. Hardly anyone can be credited with creating a nation-state.
Mohammad Ali Jinnah did all three."

یæŸ Ïی ÀãیŸ ÇóÒÇÏی ˜ÿ ÏäیÇ ÀæÆی ÍیÑÇŸ"
"Çÿ ÞÇÆÏ ÇÚÙã ÊیÑÇ ÇÍÓÇä Àÿ ÇÍÓÇä

--

ÞÇÆÏ ÇÚÙã ãÍãÏ Úáی ÌäÇÍ (25 ÏÓãÈÑ 1876Á - 11 ÓÊãÈÑ 1948Á) Çی˜ Ç˜ÓÊÇäی ÓیÇÓÊÏÇä ÇæÑ Âá ÇäیÇ ãÓáã áی ˜ÿ áیÑ ʪÿ Ìä ˜ی ÞیÇÏÊ ãیŸ ãÓáãÇäæŸ äÿ ÈÑØÇäیÀ Óÿ ÂÒÇÏی ÍÇÕá ˜ی¡ یæŸ Ç˜ÓÊÇä ˜Ç ÞیÇã Úãá ãیŸ ÂیÇ ÇæÑ Â Ç˜ÓÊÇä ˜ÿ Àáÿ æÑäÑ ÌäÑá Èäÿ۔ ÓјÇÑی ØæÑ Ñ Ç˜ÓÊÇä ãیŸ  ˜æ ÞÇÆÏö ÇÚÙã یÚäی ÓÈ Óÿ ÚÙیã ÑÀÈÑ ÇæÑ ÈÇÈÇÆÿ Þæã یÚäی “Þæã ˜Ç Èǁ“ Ȫی ˜ÀÇ ÌÇÊÇ Àÿ۔ ÌäÇÍ ˜Ç یæãö یÏÇÆÔ Ç˜ÓÊÇä ãیŸ Þæãی ÓØÍ Ñ ãäÇیÇ ÌÇÊÇ Àÿ¡ ÇÓ Ïä Ç˜ÓÊÇä ãیŸ ÚÇã ÊÚØیá ÀæÊی Àÿ۔
ÂÛÇÒ ãیŸ  Çäیä äیÔäá ˜ÇäÑÓ ãیŸ ÔÇãá ÀæÆÿ ÇæÑ ãÓáã ÀäÏæ ÇÊÍÇÏ ˜ÿ ÍÇãی ʪÿ۔  Àی ˜ی ˜æÔÔæŸ Óÿ 1916Á ãیŸ Âá ÇäیÇ ãÓáã áی ÇæÑ Çäیä äیÔäá ˜ÇäÑÓ ãیŸ ãÚÇÀÏÀ ÀæÇ۔ ˜ÇäÑÓ Óÿ ÇÎÊáÇÝÇÊ ˜ی æÌÀ Óÿ  äÿ ˜ÇäÑÓ ÇÑŠی ªæš Ïی ÇæÑ ãÓáã áی ˜ی ÞیÇÏÊ ãیŸ ÔÇãá Àæ Æÿ۔  äÿ ÎæÏãÎÊÇÑ ÀäÏæÓÊÇä ãیŸ ãÓáãÇäæŸ ˜ÿ ÓیÇÓی ÍÞæÞ ˜ÿ ÊÍÝÙ ˜ی ÎÇØÑ ãÔÀæÑ æÏÀ ä˜ÇÊ یÔ ˜Æÿ۔ ãÓáã áیÑæŸ ˜ÿ ÏÑãیÇä ÇÎÊáÇÝÇÊ ˜ی æÌÀ Óÿ  ÇäیÇ ªæš ˜Ñ ÈÑØÇäیÀ áÿ ˜Æÿ۔ ÈÀÊ Óÿ ãÓáãÇä ÑÀäãÇÄŸ ÎÕæÕÇ ÚáÇãÀ ÇÞÈÇá ˜ی ˜æÔÔæŸ ˜ی æÌÀ Óÿ  æÇÓ ÂÆÿ ÇæÑ ãÓáã áی ˜ی ÞیÇÏÊ ÓäȪÇáی۔ÌäÇÍ ÚÞÇÆÏ ˜ی äÞØÀÁ äÙÑ Óÿ Çی˜ ãÚÊÏá ãÒÇÌ ÔیÚÀ ãÓáãÇä ʪÿ^]
˜Æی ãÓáãÇä ÑÀäãÇÄŸ äÿ ÌäÇÍ ˜æ 1934Á ÀäÏæÓÊÇä æǁÓی ÇæÑ ãÓáã áی ˜ی ÊäÙیãö äæ ˜ÿ áÆÿ ÑÇÖی ˜یÇ۔ ÌäÇÍ 1940Á ˜ی ÞÑÇÑÏÇÏö Ç˜ÓÊÇä (ÞÑÇÑ ÏÇÏö áÇÀæÑ) ˜ی ÑæÔäی ãیŸ ãÓáãÇäæŸ ˜ÿ áÆÿ Çی˜ ÚáیÍÏÀ ÑیÇÓÊ ÈäÇ㠁ǘÓÊÇä ÈäÇäÿ ˜ÿ áÆÿ ãÕÑæÝö Úãá ÀæÆÿ۔1946Á ˜ÿ ÇäÊÎÇÈÇÊ ãیŸ ãÓáã áی äÿ ãÓáãÇäæŸ ˜ی ÈیÔÊÑ äÔÓÊæŸ ãیŸ ˜ÇãیÇÈی ÍÇÕá ˜ی ÇæÑ ÌäÇÍ äÿ Ç˜ÓÊÇä ˜ÿ ÞیÇã ˜ÿ áÆÿ ÈÑÇÀ ÑÇÓÊ ÌÏæÌÀÏ ˜ی ãÀã ˜Ç ÂÛÇÒ ˜ÑÏیÇ¡ ÌÓ ˜ÿ ÑÏö Úãá ˜ÿ ØæÑ Ñ ˜ÇäÑیÓ ˜ÿ ÍÇãیæŸ äÿ ÌäæÈی ÇیÔیÇÁ ãیŸ ÑæÀی ÝÓÇÏÇÊ ˜ÑæÇÏÆیÿ۔ ãÓáã áی ÇæÑ ˜ÇäÑیÓ ˜ÿ ÇÊÍÇÏ ˜ی ÊãÇã ÊÑ ˜æÔÔæŸ ˜ی äǘÇãی ˜ÿ ÈÚÏ ÂÎÑ ˜ÇÑ ÈÑØÇäیÀ ˜æ Ç˜ÓÊÇä ÇæÑ ÈªÇÑÊ ˜ی ÂÒÇÏی ˜ÿ ãØÇáÈÿ ˜æ ÊÓáیã ˜ÑäÇ šÇ۔ ÈÍیËیÊ æÑäÑÌäÑá Ç˜ÓÊÇä¡ ÌäÇÍ äÿ áǘªæŸ äÇÀ ÒیäæŸ ˜ی ÂÈÇϘÇÑی¡ ãᘠ˜ی ÏÇÎáی æ ÎÇÑÌی ÇáیÓی¡ ÊÍÝÙ ÇæÑ ãÚÇÔی ÊÑÞی ˜ÿ áÆÿ ÌÏæÌÀÏ ˜ی۔

ÇÈÊÏÇÆی Òäϐی

ÌäÇÍ ˜ی ÌæÇäی ˜ی Çی˜¡ ÑæÇیÊی áÈÇÓ ãیŸ

 25 ÏÓãÈÑ 1876Á ˜æ æÒیÑ ãیäÔä¡ ˜ÑǍی¡ ÓäϪ ãیŸ یÏ ÇÀæÆÿ^[6]¡ Ìæ˜À ÇõÓ æÞÊ ÈãÈÆی ˜Ç ÍÕÀ ʪÇ۔  ˜Ç یÏÇÆÔی äÇã ãÍãÏ Úáی ÌäÇÍ ÈªÇÆی^[7] јªÇ یÇ۔ æ˜À ÇÈÊÏÇÆی ÇÓ˜æá ˜ÿ Ñی˜Çя Óÿ ÊÀ áÊÇ Àÿ ˜À ÌäÇÍ ˜ی ÊÇÑیÎö یÏÇÆÔ 20 ǘÊæÈÑ 1875Á ʪی¡ ^[8] áی˜ä ÈÚÏ ãیŸ ÌäÇÍ äÿ ÎæÏ Çäی ÊÇÑیÎö یÏÇÆÔ 25 ÏÓãÈÑ 1876Á ÈÊÇÆی۔  ǁäÿ æÇáÏ æäÌÇ ÌäÇÍ (1857Á-1901Á) ˜ÿ ÓÇÊ ÈæŸ ãیŸ Óÿ ÓÈ Óÿ Èšÿ ʪÿ۔  ˜ÿ æÇáÏ ÌÑÇÊ ˜ÿ Çی˜ ãÇáÏÇÑ ÊÇÌÑ Êªÿ Ìæ ˜À ÌäÇÍ ˜ی یÏÇÆÔ Óÿ ˜ª ÚÑÕÀ Àáÿ ˜ÇŠªیÇæÇÑ Óÿ ˜ÑǍی ãäÊÞá Àæ Æÿ۔^[6][9] Çõä ˜ÿ ÏÇÏÇ ˜Ç äÇã ÌäÇÍ ãیÌی ʪǡ^[10] Ìæ˜À ˜ÇŠªیÇæÇÑ ˜ی ÑیÇÓÊ æäÏá ãیŸ ȪNJیÇ äÓá Óÿ ÊÚáÞ Ñ˜ªÊÿ ʪÿ۔ÇÈÊÏÇÆی ØæÑ Ñ یÀ ªÑÇäÀ ÀÌÑÊ ˜Ñ˜ÿ ãáÊÇä ˜ÿ äÒÏی˜ ÓÇÀیæÇá ãیŸ ÂÈÇÏ ÀæÇ۔ ˜ª ÐÑÇÆÚ Óÿ یÀ Ȫی ÊÀ áÊÇ Àÿ ˜À ÌäÇÍ ˜ÿ ÂÈÇÄ ÇÌÏÇÏ ÓÇÀیæÇá¡ äÌÇÈ Óÿ ÊÚáÞ Ñ˜ªäÿ æÇáÿ ÀäÏæ ÑḈæÊ Êªÿ Ìæ˜À ÈÚÏ ãÓáãÇä ÀæÆÿ۔ ^[9] ÌäÇÍ ˜ÿ ÏیÑ ÈÀä ȪÇÆیæŸ ãیŸ Êیä ȪÇÆی ÇæÑ Êیä ÈÀäیŸ ʪیŸ¡ ȪÇÆیæŸ ãیŸ ÇÍãÏ Úáی¡ ÈäÏÿ Úáی ÇæÑ ÑÍãÊ Úáی ÌȘÀ ÈÀäæŸ ãیŸ ãÑیã ÌäÇÍ¡ ÝÇØãÀ ÇæÑ ÔیÑیŸ ÌäÇÍ ÔÇãá ʪیŸ۔ ÌäÇÍ ˜ÿ ÎÇäÏÇä æÇáÿ ÔیÚÀ ãÐÀÈ ˜ی ÔÇÎ ˜ªæÌÀ ÔیÚÀ Óÿ ÊÚáÞ Ñ˜ªÊÿ ʪÿ áی˜ä ÌäÇÍ ÈÚÏ ãیŸ ÔیÚÀ ãÐÀÈ ˜ی Àی ÏæÓÑی ÔÇÎ ÇËäÇÁ ÚÔÑی ˜ی ÌÇäÈ ãÇÆá ÀæÆÿ۔ ^[1] Çä ˜ی ãÇÏÑی ÒÈÇä ÌÑÇÊی ʪی¡ áی˜ä æÞÊ ˜ÿ ÓÇʪ ÓÇʪ æÀ ˜ªی¡ ÓäϪی¡ ÇÑÏæ ÇæÑ ÇäÑیÒی Ȫی Èæáäÿ áÿ۔ ^[11]
äæÌæÇä ÌäÇÍ Çی˜ Èÿ یä ØÇáÈö Úáã ʪÿ¡ ÌäÀæŸ äÿ ˜Æی ÊÚáیãی ÇÏÇÑæŸ ãیŸ ÊÚáیã ÍÇÕá ˜ی۔ ˜ÑǍی ãیŸ ÓäϪ ãÏÑÓۃ ÇáÇÓáÇã¡ ããÈÆی ãیŸ æ˜á ÏÇÓ ÊیÌ ÑÇÆãÑی ÇÓ˜æá ÇæÑ ÈÇáÂÎÑ ãÓیÍی ÊÈáیÛی ÓãÇÌی ÇÚáٰی ÏÑÌÇÊی ÇÓ˜æá¡ ˜ÑǍی ãیŸ  ÒیÑö ÊÚáیã ÑÀÿ^[7]۔ ÌÀÇŸ Óÿ  äÿ ÓæáÀ 16 ÓÇá ˜ی ÚãÑ ãیŸ ãیŠÑ˜ ˜Ç ÇãÊÍÇä ÌÇãÚÀÁ ããÈÆی Óÿ ÇÓ ˜یÇ۔ ^[12] ÇÓی ÓÇá 1892Á ãیŸ  ÈÑØÇäیÀ ˜ی ÑÇÀã Ôä Çیä ŠÑیä ˜ãäی ãیŸ ÊÑÈیÊی یÔ äÇãÀ ˜ÿ áÆÿ Æÿ¡ Çی˜ ÇیÓÇ ÊÌÇÑÊی ˜Çã Ìæ˜À æäÌÇ ÈªÇÆی ÌäÇÍ ˜ÿ ˜ÇÑæÈÇÑ Óÿ ÀÑÇ ÊÚáÞ Ñ˜ªÊÇ ÊªÇ۔^[7] ÊÇÀã ÈÑØÇäیÀ ÌÇäÿ Óÿ Àáÿ  ˜ی æÇáÏÀ ˜ÿ ÏÈÇÄ Ñ  ˜ی ÔÇÏی  ˜ی Çی˜ ÏæÑ ˜ی ÑÔÊÀ ÏÇÑ Çیãی ÈÇÆی Óÿ ˜ÑÏی Æی¡ Ìæ˜À  Óÿ Ïæ ÓÇá ªæŠی ʪیŸ۔^[7]ÊÇÀã یÀ ÔÇÏی ÒیÇÏÀ ÚÑÕÿ äÀ á Ó˜ی ˜یæä˜À  ˜ÿ ÈÑØÇäیÀ ÌÇäÿ ˜ÿ ˜ª ãÀیäæŸ ÈÚÏ Àی Çیãی ÌäÇÍ æÝÇÊ Ç ÆیŸ۔^[9] áäÏä ÌÇäÿ ˜ÿ ˜ª ÚÑÕÀ ÈÚÏ Â äÿ ãáÇÒãÊ ªæš Ïی ÇæÑ ÞÇäæä ˜ی ÊÚáیã ÍÇÕá ˜Ñäÿ ˜ÿ áÆÿ ÏÇÎáÀ áÿ áیÇ ÇæÑ 1895Á ãیŸ æÀÇŸ Óÿ ÞÇäæä ˜ی Ñی ÍÇÕá ˜ی ÇæÑ 19 ÓÇá ˜ی ÚãÑ ãیŸ ÈÑØÇäیÀ Óÿ ÞÇäæä ˜ی Ñی ÍÇÕá ˜Ñäÿ æÇáÿ ˜ã Óä ÊÑیä ÀäÏæÓÊÇäی ˜Ç ÇÚÒÇÒ ÍÇÕá ˜یÇ۔^[9] ÇÓ ˜ÿ ÓÇʪ ÓیÇÓÊ ãیŸ Ȫی  ˜ی ÏáÓی Èšªäÿ áی ÇæÑ Â ÀäÏæÓÊÇäی ÓیÇÓÊÏÇäæŸ ÏÇÏÇ ÈªÇÆی äÇÄÑæÌی ÇæÑ ÓÑ ÝیÑæÒ ÔÇÀ ãÀÊÀ Óÿ ãÊÇËÑ Àæäÿ áÿ۔^[13] ÇÓ ÏæÑÇä  äÿ ÏیÑ ÀäÏæÓÊÇäی ØáÈÀ ˜ÿ ÓÇʪ ãá ˜Ñ ÈÑØÇäæی ÇÑáیãäŠ ˜ÿ ÇäÊÎÇÈÇÊ ãیŸ ÓѐÑãی ˜Ç ãÙÇÀÑÀ ˜یÇ۔ÇÓ ÓѐÑãیæŸ ˜Ç ÇËÑ یÀ ÀæÇ ˜À ÌäÇÍ æÞÊ ˜ÿ ÓÇʪ ÓÇʪ ÀäÏæÓÊÇä ˜ی ÂÆیä ÓÇÒ ÎæÏ ãÎÊÇÑ Í˜æãÊ ˜ÿ äÙÑیÀ ˜ÿ ÍÇãی ÀæÊÿ Æÿ ÇæÑ Â äÿ ÀäÏæÓÊÇäیæŸ ˜ÿ ÎáÇÝ ÈÑØÇäæی æÑæŸ ˜ÿ Àʘ ÂãیÒ ÇæÑ ÇãÊیÇÒی Óáæ˜ ˜ی ãÐãÊ ˜ی۔

ããÈÆی ãیŸ æÇÞÚ ÌäÇÍ ÀÇÄÓ

ÇäáÓÊÇä ãیŸ ÞیÇã ˜ÿ ÂÎÑی ÏäæŸ ãیŸ ÌäÇÍ æÇáÏ ˜ÿ ˜ÇÑæÈÇÑ ˜ی ÊÈÇÀی ˜ی æÌÀ Óÿ ÔÏیÏ ÏÈÇÄ ãیŸ Æÿ۔  ÈÑØÇäیÀ æÇÓ ÊÔÑیÝ áÇÆÿ ÇæÑ ããÈÆی ãیŸ æ˜ÇáÊ ˜Ç ÂÛÇÒ ˜یÇ ÇæÑ ÌáÏ Àی äÇãی ÑÇãی æ˜یá Èä Æÿ۔ ÎÕæÕÇð ÓÑÝیÑæÒ ÔÇÀ ˜ÿ ÓیÇÓی ãÞÏãÿ ˜ی ÌیÊ äÿ  ˜ی ÔÀÑÊ æ äÇã ˜æ ÇÑ ÇäÏ áÇ ÏÆیÿ۔ یÀ ãÞÏãی 1905Á ãیŸ ããÈÆی ˜ی ÀÇÆی ˜æÑŠ ãیŸ ÏÇÆÑ ÀæÇ¡ ÌÓ ãیŸ ÌäÇÍ äÿ ÓÑ ÝیÑæÒ ÔÇÀ ˜ی یÑæی ˜ی ÇæÑ ÌیÊ Èªی ÌäÇÍ Àی ˜ÿ ÍÕÿ ãیŸ ÂÆی۔^[13] ÌäÇÍ äÿ ÌäæÈی ããÈÆی ãیŸ æÇÞÚ ãÇáÇ ÈÇÑ ãیŸ Çی˜ ªÑ ÊÚãیÑ ˜ÑæÇیÇ Ìæ ˜À ÈÚÏ ãیŸ “ÌäÇÍ ÀÇÄÓ“ ˜ÀáÇیÇ۔ Çی˜ ˜ÇãیÇÈ æ˜یá ˜ÿ ØæÑ Ñ Çõä ˜ÿ ÈšªÊی ÔÀÑÊ äÿ ÀäÏæÓÊÇä ˜ÿ ãÚÑæÝ ÑÀäãÇ ÈÇá äÇ 컄 ˜ی ÊæÌÀ Çõä ˜ی ÌÇäÈ ãÈÐæá ˜ÑÇÆی ÇæÑ یæŸ 1905Á ãیŸ ÈÇá äÇ 컄 äÿ ÌäÇÍ ˜ی ÎÏãÇÊ ÈØæÑ ÏÝÇÚی ãÔیÑö ÞÇäæä ÍÇÕá ˜یŸ ÊǘÀ æÀ Çõä Ñ ÓáØäÊö ÈÑØÇäیÀ ˜ی ÌÇäÈ Óÿ ÏÇÆÑ ˜Æÿ Æÿ¡ äÞÕö Çãä ˜ÿ ãÞÏãÿ ˜ی یÑæی ˜ÑیŸ۔ ÌäÇÍ äÿ ÇÓ ãÞÏãÿ ˜ی یÑæی ˜ÑÊÿ ÀæÆÿ¡ ǁäÿ ãæ˜á ˜ÿ ÍÞ ãیŸ ÏáÇÆá ÏیÊÿ ÀæÆÿ ˜ÀÇ ˜À Çی˜ ÀäÏæÓÊÇäی ÇÑ Çäÿ ãᘠãیŸ ÂÒÇÏ ÇæÑ ÎæÏ ãÎÊÇÑ Í˜æãÊ ˜ÿ ÞیÇã ˜ی ÈÇÊ ˜ÑÊÇ Àÿ Êæ یÀ äÞÕö Çãä یÇ ÛÏÇÑی ˜ÿ ÒãÑÿ ãیŸ äÀیŸ ÂÊÇ áی˜ä ÇÓ ˜ÿ ÈÇæÌæÏ ÈÇá äÇ 컄 ˜æ ÇÓ ãÞÏãÿ ãیŸ ÞیÏ ÈÇ ãÔÞÊ ˜ی ÓÒÇ ÓäÇÆی Æی۔

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah ãÍãÏ Úáی ÌäÇÍ, December 25, 1876 – September 11, 1948) was a Muslim lawyer, politician, statesman and the founder of Pakistan. He is popularly and officially known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam (Urdu: ÞÇÆÏ ÇÚÙã — "Great Leader") and Baba-e-Qaum (ÈÇÈÇÆÿ Þæã) ("Father of the Nation").

Jinnah served as leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until Pakistan's independence on August 14, 1947, and as Pakistan's first Governor-General from August 15, 1947 until his death on September 11, 1948. Jinnah rose to prominence in the Indian National Congress initially expounding ideas of Hindu-Muslim unity and helping shape the 1916 Lucknow Pact between the Muslim League and the Indian National Congress; he also became a key leader in the All India Home Rule League. He proposed a fourteen-point constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing India.

Jinnah later advocated the two-nation theory embracing the goal of creating a separate Muslim state as per the Lahore Resolution. The League won most reserved Muslim seats in the elections of 1946. After the British and Congress backed out of the Cabinet Mission Plan Jinnah called for a Direct Action Day to achieve the formation of Pakistan. This direct action by the Muslim League and its Volunteer Corps resulted in massive rioting in Calcutta between Muslims and Hindus.As the Indian National Congress and Muslim League failed to reach a power sharing formula for united India, it prompted both the parties and the British to agree to the independence of Pakistan and India. As the first Governor-General of Pakistan, Jinnah led efforts to lay the foundations of the new state of Pakistan, frame national policies and rehabilitate millions of Muslim refugees who had migrated from India. Jinnah also assumed the role and title of 'Protector General of the Hindu Minority' during Hindu-Muslim riots after 1947.Jinnah died aged 71 in September 1948, just over a year after Pakistan gained independence from the British Empire. After his death, Jinnah left a deep and respected legacy in Pakistan, and according to Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah remained Pakistan's greatest leader since the establishment of Pakistan in 1947^]

Muhammad Shoaib Tanoli

ãÍãÏ ÔÚیÈ Êäæáی

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