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Air Brake : |
George Westinghouse, U.S.A. 1911. |
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Air Conditioning : |
Willis Carrier, U.S.A. 1911. |
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Airplane : |
Engine-powered, Wilbur & Orville Wright, U.S.A., 1903. |
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Airship : |
Henri Giffard, France, 1852; Ferdinand von Zeppelin, Germany, 1900. |
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Antibiotics : |
Louis Pasteur, Jules-Francois Joubert, France, 1887; (discovery of penicillin) Alexander Fleming, Scotland, 1928. |
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Antiseptic : |
(surgery) Joseph Lister, England, 1867. |
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Aspirin : |
Dr. Felix Hoffman, Germany, 1899. |
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Atom : |
(nuclear model of) Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911. |
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Atomic Structure : |
Ernest Rutherford, England, 1911; Ni els Bohr, Denmark, 1913. |
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Automated Teller Machine (ATM) : |
Don Wetzel, U.S.A., 1968. |
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Automobile : |
(first with internal combustion engine, 250 rmp) Karl Benz, Germany, 1885; (first with practical highspeed internal combustion engine, 900 rpm) Gottlieb Daimler, Germany, 1885; (first true automobile, not carriage with motor) Rene Panhard, Emile Lavassor, France, 1891; (carburetor, spray) Charles E. Duryea, U.S.A., 1892. |
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Autopilot : |
(for aircraft) Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., c.1910, first successful test, 1912, in a Curtiss flying boat. |
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B |
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Bacteria : |
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, The Netherlands, 1683. |
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Bakelite : |
Leo Hendrik Baekeland, U.S.A., 1907. |
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Ball Bearing : |
Philip Vaughan, England, 1794. |
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Ballon, Hot-air : |
Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier, France, 1783. |
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Bar Codes : |
Monarch Marking, U.S.A. 1970. |
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Barometer : |
Evangelista Torricelli, Italy, 1643. |
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Bicycle : |
Karl D. von Sauebronn, Germany, 1816; (first modern model) James Starley, England, 1884. |
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Big Bang Theory : |
(the universe originated with a huge explosion) George LeMaitre, Belgium, 1927; (modified LeMaitre theory labeled "Big Bang") George A. Gamov, U.S.A., 1948; (cosmic microwave background radiation discovered) Arno A. Penzias and Robert W. Wilson, U.S.A. 1965. |
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Blood, Circulation of : |
William Harvey, England, 1628. |
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Bomb, Atomic : |
J. Robert Oppenheimer et al., U.S.A., 1945. |
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Bomb, Thermonuclear (hydrogen) : |
Edward Teller et al., U.S.A., 1952. |
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Boyle's Law : |
(relation between pressure and volume in gases) Robert Boyle, Ireland, 1662. |
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Braille : |
Louis Braille, France, 1829. |
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Bridges : |
(suspension, iron chains) James Finley, Pa., 1800; (wire suspension) Marc Seguin, Lyons, 1825; (truss) Ithiel Town, U.S.A., 1820. |
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Bullet : |
(conical) Claude Minie, France, 1849. |
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C |
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Calculating Machine : |
(logarithms) John Napierm Scotland, 1614; (digital calculator) Blaise Pascal, 1642; (multiplication machine) Go ttfried Leibniz, Germany, 1671; ("analytical engine" design, included concepts of programming, taping) Charles Babbage, England, 1835. |
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Camera : |
George Eastman, U.S.A., 1888; (Polaroid) Edwin Land, U.S.A., 1948 |
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Car Radio : |
William Lear, Elmer Wavering, U.S.A. 1929. |
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Cells : |
Robert Hooke, England, 1665. |
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Chewing Gum : |
John Curtis, U.S.A., 1848; (chicle-based) Thomas Adams, U.S.A., 1870. |
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Cholera Bacterium : |
Robert Koch, Germany, 1883. |
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Circuit, Integrated : |
(theoretical) G.W.A. Dummer, England, 1952; Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments, U.S.A., 1959. |
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Clock, Pendulum : |
Christian Huygens, The Netherlands, 1656. |
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Clock, Quartz : |
Warren A. Marrison, Canada/U.S.A. , 1927. |
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Cloning, Animal : |
John B. Gurdon, U.K., 1970. |
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Coca-Cola : |
John Pemberton, U.S.A., 1886. |
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Combustion : |
Antoine Lavoisier, France, 1777. |
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Compact Disk : |
RCA, U.S.A., 1972. |
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Compact Disk (CD) : |
Philips Electronics, The Netherlands; Sony Corp., Japan, 1980. |
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Computed Tomography
(CT scan, CAT scan) : |
Godfrey Hounsfield, Allan Cormack, U.K. U.S.A., 1972 |
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Computers : |
(analytical engine) Charles Babbage, 1830s; (ENIAC, Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, first all-electronic, completed) John Presper Eckert, Jr., John Mauchly, U.S.A., 1945; (UNIVAC, Universal Automatic Computer) 1951; (personal computer) Steve Wozniak, U.S.A., 1976. |
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Computer Laptop : |
Radio Shack Corp., U.S.A., 1983. |
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Concrete : |
Joseph Monier, France, 1877. |
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D |
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DDT : |
Othmar Zeidler, Germany, 1874. |
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Detector, Metal : |
Gerhard Fisher, Germany/U.S. A., late 1920s. |
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Deuterium : |
(heavy hydrogen) Harold Urey, U.S.A., 1931. |
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DNA : |
(deoxyribonucleic acid) Friedrich Meischer, Germany, 1869; (determination of double-helical structure) F. H. Crick, England and James D. Watson, U.S.A., 1953. |
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Dye : |
William H. Perkin, England, 1856. |
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Dynamite : |
Alfred Nobel, Sweden, 1867. |
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E |
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Electric Generator (dynamo) : |
(laboratory model) Michael Faraday, England, 1832; Joseph Henry, U.S.A., c.1832; (hand-driven model) Hippolyte Pixii, France, 1833; (alternating- current generator) Nikola Tesla, U.S.A., 1892. |
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Electron : |
Sir Joseph J. Thompson, U.S.A., 1897. |
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Electronic Mail : |
Ray Tomlinson, U.S.A., 1972. |
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Elevator, Passenger : |
Elisha G. Otis, U.S.A., 1852. |
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E=mc2 |
:(equivalence of mass and energy) Albert Einstein, Switzerland, 1907. |
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Engine, Internal Combustion : |
No single inventor. Fundamental theory established by Sadi Carnot, France, 1824; (two-stroke) Etienne Lenoir, France, 1860; (ideal operating cycle for four-stroke) Alphonse Beau de Roche, France, 1862; (operating four-stroke) Nikolaus Otto, Germany, 1876; (diesel) Rudolf Diesel, Germany, 1892; (rotary) Felix Wanket, Germany, 1956. |
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Evolution : |
: (organic) Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, France, 1809; (by natural selection) Charles Darwin, England, 1859. |
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F |
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Facsimile (fax) : |
Alexander Bain, Scotland, 1842. |
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Fiber Optics : |
Narinder Kapany, England, 1955. |
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Film Photographic : |
George Eastman, U.S.A., 1884. |
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Flas hlight, Battery-operated Portable : |
Conrad Hubert, Russia/U.S.A. , 1899 |
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Flask, Vacuum (Thermos) : |
Sir James Dewar, Scotland, 1892. |
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Fuel Cell : |
William R. Grove, U.K., 1839 |
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G |
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Genetic Engineering : |
Stanley N. Cohen, Herbert W. Boyer, U.S.A., 1973. |
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Gravitation, Law of : |
Sir Issac Newton, England, c.1665 (published 1687). |
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Gunpowder : |
China, c.700. |
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Gyrocompass : |
Elmer A. Sperry, U.S.A., 1905. |
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Gyroscope : |
Jean Leon Foucault, France, 1852. |
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H |
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Helicopter : |
(double rotor) Heinrich Focke, Germany, 1936; (single rotor) Igor Silorsky, U.S.A., 1939. |
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Helium First Observed on Sun: |
Sir Joseph Lockyer, England, 1868. |
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Home Videotape Systems
(VCR) : |
(Betamax) Sony, Japan, (1975); (VHS) Matsushita, Japan, 1975. |
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I |
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Ice Age Theo ry : |
Louis Agassiz, Swiss-American, 1840. |
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Insulin : |
(first isolated) Sir Frederick G. Banting and Charles H. Best, Canada, 1921; (discovery first published) Banting and Best, 1922; (Nobel Prize awarded for purification for use in humans) John Macleod and Banting, 1923; (first synthesized) , China, 1966. |
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Internet : |
Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) at the Dept. of Defense, U.S.A., 1969. |
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Iron, Electric : |
Henry W. Seely, U.S.A., 1882. |
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Isotopes : |
Frederick Soddy, England, 1912. |
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^Top |
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J |
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Jet Propulsion : |
(engine) Sir Frank Whittle, England, Hans von Ohain, Germany, 1936; (aircraft) Heinkel He 178, 1939. |
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L |
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Laser : |
(theoretical work on) Charles H. Townes, Arthur L. Schawlow, U.S.A. Basov, A. Prokhorov, U.S.S.R., 1958; (first working model) T. H. Maiman, U.S.A., 1960. |
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LCD (liquid crystal display) : |
Hoffman n-La Roche, Switzerland, 1970. |
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Lens, Bifocal : |
Benjamin Franklin, U.S.A., c.1760. |
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Light-Emitting Diode (LED) : |
Nick Holonyak, Jr., U.S.A., 1962. |
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Light, Speed of : |
(theory that light has finite velocity) Olaus Roemer, Denmark, 1675. |
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Locomotive : |
(steam powered) Richard Trevithick, England, 1804; (first practical, due to multiple-fire- tube boiler) George Stephenson, England, 1829; (largest steam-powered) Union Pacific's "Big Boy", U.S.A., 1941. |
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Loud Speaker : |
Chester W. Rice, Edward W. |
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